Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) has great potential in providing real benefits to doctors and patients. Recent studies have, however, found lack of trust in CAD by radiologists in clinical diagnostic decision making. One of the main reasons is the lack of an appropriate confidence measure. This paper presents the first-ever study of classification confidence in the context of breast mass classification. We evaluated 11 state-of-the-art classification algorithms on breast mass image data using their confidence of classification metric, in addition to other standard evaluation metrics including accuracy and area under the curve (ROC). Experimental results show that although most classifiers produced very similar results with less than 2% difference in terms of accuracy and ROC, their performances are significantly different in terms of confidence levels. We suggest that the confidence measure should be used in conjunction with the existing performance metrics such as accuracy and ROC. Index Terms— Confidence Level, Breast Mass Classification, Computer Aided Diagnosis, Machine Learning

In the study of medical CAD systems, a large majority of. "A Comparative Analysis of Deep Learning Techniques for Breast Mass Image Classification." Computer Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1–6, 2025.

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Meningitis due to salmonella is a rare infection poorly or not reported from NIGER. The infection is a complication of Salmonella infection that occurs in infants. Salmonella is the fourth cause of meningitis in Niger children, after Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae b. This retrospective study aimed to describe cases of salmonella meningitis in Niger infants. From January 2011 to December 2015, 6630 CSF collected nationwide were sent through an effective samples transport circuit already in place to allow the rapid delivery of thé CSF in CERMES, the National Reference laboratory-based meningitis surveillance for analysis. All turbid CSF from under 5 years patients were respectively cultured on Hektoen medium, Trypticase soy agar plate containing 5% sheep blood; and on chocolate agar plate. Gram negative bacilli were identified using API20 system. A total of 11/6630 (0.2%) Salmonella strains were isolated during the study. Most of the patients (72.7%) were less than 2 years old. The average age of children was 2.63 years with an extreme of 1 month to 14 years and the sex ratio M/F was 0.83. Of the eleven salmonella species detected, we found 7(63.6%) Salmonella typhi, 2 (16.7%) Salmonella spp, 1(8. 3%) Salmonella paratyphi A and 1 (8.3%) Salmonella paratyphi B. This study showed that Salmonella meningitis is a rare public health problem in Niger, despite the limitation on clinical symptoms data from patient case forms. Though, there was a risk which deserves to take salmonella in account in case of child meningitis.

Dr. Ynte Schukken. "Emerging Bacterial Pathogens in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Five-Year Analysis of Meningitis Surveillance." Computer Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 7–12, 2025.

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Natural mineral water which todays attract more trend rather that tap water in urban societies and has been appreciated for high level hygiene. This study considered microbiological quality of packaged natural mineral water marketed in Lorestan province where 35 samples were purchased randomly, were tested for presence of different indicator microorganisms. 31.42% out of 35 samples didn't fulfilled standard condition in terms of unacceptable total Coliforms count while E. coli, Staphylococcal, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcal, Sulfite-reducing Clostridia counts weren't observed. Those results revealed the necessity of more control on treatment and filling process which might be the most probable steps for sanitation.

Dr. Simin Nasseri. "Microbial Quality of Packaged Natural Mineral Water in Rural Areas of Iran: An Assessment Study." Computer Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 13–15, 2025.

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Young students often find it difficult to understand the three-dimensional structure of solids. New technologies that support three-dimensional representations, such as Virtual and Augmented Reality, can provide the basis for implementing teaching tools that will allow students to better understand topics in mathematics involving three-dimensional structures. In this paper we present the methodology used as part of an investigation that aims to evaluate the potential and compare Virtual and Augmented Reality technologies for teaching the lesson of geometric solids to primary school children. Emphasis is given on the development of dedicated tools used as part of the evaluation. Early results indicate that as far as the learning outcomes and the student satisfaction are concerned, both VR and AR technologies show similar promise.

A. Georgiou and E. Kalogeropoulou. "Investigating the Effectiveness of Immersive Technologies in Primary Education: A Case Study on Teaching Geometric Solids." Computer Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 16–20, 2025.

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: A class of multiobjective games with applications to a medicine setting is studied. We consider the vector Shapley value and the vector Banzhaf value for a multicriteria game and we apply them to a microarray game. We give an axiomatic characterization too.

Alessandro Bianchi and Giulia Rossi. "A Novel Game-Theoretic Approach for Identifying Aberrantly Expressed Genes." Computer Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 21–35, 2025.

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BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes) are the most important categories of VOCs that occur in the indoor air and often used in chemical laboratories. In the present study the excretion of urinary BTEX were evaluated as during the work shift of the two groups of technicians and students in chemical laboratories were 32.11and 46.82 µg m and 14.55 and 34.11ngL-1, respectively, which were significantly greater than the occupationally non exposed groups. Good correlations (0.839 ≤ r ≤ 0.946) between the mean values of BTEX in breathing zone and the urinary concentrations were observed.

Mohammad Hassanpour, Fatemeh Zarei. "Environmental Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Chemical Laboratories: A Comparative Study of BTEX Characteristics through Monitoring Strategies." Computer Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 36–41, 2025.

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Prior literature has shown that school learning climate is critical in helping individual learners meet their educational objectives. In this paper, the role of parental involvement in shaping the school learning climate is explored within a multilevel and hierarchical modeling framework using data from the 2015 PISA round. As the schools’ social and relational character, we find that reducing learning barriers is a critical challenge for school leadership. A welcoming environment for parents, as well as the effective design of effective forms of two-way communications, are positively associated with a substantial reduction in the barriers to improving teacher management’s learning climate. We also find that public schools facing social and educational inclusiveness challenges can dramatically enhance their learning environment by activating specific parental involvement mechanisms. Similarly, principal’s leadership in framing and communicating goals and curricular development to the school is also found to be significant for inclusiveness. However, parental involvement is also found to have potential tensions with school management. The worsening of the learning climate may arise due to pressures brought about by laws requiring parental involvement in schools. Because the learning climate is composed of a wide variety of relationships between and within schools, this work demonstrates that parental involvement is an integral part of school leadership and the school improvement process. Further research attention is encouraged to understand the tensions between teacher roles, principal leadership, and parental involvement through employing other quantitative or qualitative research designs.

Alessandro Bianchi, Sofia Rodriguez. "Exploring Inclusive School Learning Environments: A Synthesis of Parental Involvement and School Leadership Factors." Computer Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 42–71, 2025.

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The heavy and hazardous metals have high impact on health of living organism mostly on human beings. Settled dust has great impact on natural environment and human health as it may contain heavy and hazardous metals contributed from anthropogenic activities. Four functional areas of Karachi city, were selected for this study that are named as industrial area (Port Qasim), Traffic area (National Highway from Malir Halt to Port Qasim), Urban Area (Gulshan-e-Iqbal), Rural Area (Saadi Town). 36 samples of settled dust were drawn from all these areas and analyzed on WD-XRF spectrometer. Chromium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Lead, Titanium, and Zinc were studied and their average results were 384, 664, 61699, 1379,167, 427, 4656 and 5909mg Kg-1. The average results of all metallic concentration of all four functional areas show that iron, Zinc, Titanium and Manganese are enriched in concentration while Nickel has the lowest concentration in settle dust. Morphological examination was carried out with SEM in which particles size, shape and particle composition was determined. SEM-EDX was used to analyze the particle’s chemical composition, and Carbon was also quantify with metals and has high concentration in all samples than heavy metals. The study aided valuable data related with heavy and hazardous metals for the city of Karachi

Muhammad Ahsan Tahir, Jamila Iqbal, Ayesha Batool, Waqas Ahmad. "Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Settled Dust Across Karachi's Functional Areas." Computer Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 72–84, 2025.

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: The unsustainable development of countries has created a problem due to the unstoppable waste generation. Moreover, waste collection is carried out following a pre-defined route that does not take into account the actual level of the containers collected. Therefore, optimizing the way the waste is collected presents an interesting opportunity. In this study, we tackle the problem of predicting the waste generation ratio in real- world conditions, i.e., under uncertainty. Particularly, we use a deep neuroevolutionary technique to automatically design a recurrent network that captures the filling level of all waste containers in a city at once, and we study the suitability of our proposal when faced to noisy and faulty data. We validate our proposal using a real-world case study, consisting of more than two hundred waste containers located in a city in Spain, and we compare our results to the state-of-the-art. The results show that our approach exceeds all its competitors and that its accuracy in a real-world scenario, i.e., under uncertain data, is good enough for optimizing the waste collection planning. RESUMEN: El desarrollo insostenible de los países ha creado un problema debido a la imparable generación de residuos. Más aún, la recogida de residuos se realiza siguiendo una ruta predefinida que no tiene en cuenta el nivel real de los contenedores recogidos. Por lo tanto, optimizar la forma en que se recolectan los residuos presenta una oportunidad interesante. En este estudio, abordamos el problema de predecir la tasa de generación de residuos en condiciones reales, es decir, bajo incertidumbre. En particular, utilizamos una técnica neuroevolutiva profunda para diseñar automáticamente una red recurrente que encapsula el nivel de llenado de todos los contenedores de residuos en una ciudad a la vez, y estudiamos la idoneidad de nuestra propuesta cuando nos enfrentamos a datos ruidosos y defectuosos. Validamos nuestra propuesta utilizando un caso real, que consta de más de doscientos contenedores de residuos ubicados en una ciudad de España, y comparamos nuestros resultados con el estado del arte. Los resultados muestran que nuestra propuesta supera a todos sus competidores y que su precisión en un escenario del mundo real, es decir, bajo datos inciertos, es lo suficientemente buena para optimizar la planificación de la recolección de residuos.

predefinida que no tiene en cuenta el nivel real de los. "Predictive Modeling of Waste Generation in Uncertain Smart City Environments Using Deep Neuroevolutionary Techniques." Computer Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 85–95, 2025.

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There are a series of complementary imaging tests that can help us confirm our diagnosis of prosthetic knee infection. They are plan films, fistulography, echography, bone scintigraphy, computerized tomography scan (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and PET (positron electron tomography). Plain radiographs and echography are neither sensitive nor specific and CT scan and MRI can be limited by hardware-induced artifacts. Bone scintigraphy is not affected by orthopedic hardware and is the current imaging modality of choice for suspected total knee arthroplasty (TKA) infection. Bone scintigraphy is sensitive for identifying the failed TKA, but cannot be used to determine the cause of failure. SPECT/CT should be part of the routine diagnostic algorithm for patients with pain after TKA. The presence of lamellated hyperintense synovitis at MRI of TKA had a high sensitivity and specificity for infection. The current role of PET is still controversial but could be an appropriate alternative for assessing these patients.

Ana Isabel García-Valverde and Juan Francisco Hernández-Gómez. "Imaging Diagnosis of Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Comprehensive Review." Computer Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 96–108, 2025.

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