: This review focuses on machine learning and on how methods and models combining data analytics and artificial intelligence have been applied to laboratory medicine so far. Although still in its infancy, the potential for applying machine learning to laboratory data for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes deserves more attention by the readership of this journal, as well as by physician- scientists who will want to take advantage of this new computerbased support in pathology and laboratory medicine.

Emily R. Thompson and Liam J.. "Advances in Laboratory Medicine through Artificial Intelligence." Computer Engineering, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1–8, 2026.

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This is a first report on the cytotoxic activity of humic acid synthesized silver nanoplates (HAgNpl) against Dalton’s lymphoma ascites (DLA). Humic acid, a supramolecule, has been shown to possess various biological activities. Humic acid used in the present study for the synthesis of silver nanoplates is isolated from mangrove sediments. Chemical composition of the humic acid was analysed using solid state C-13 NMR spectroscopy. Morphology of nanoplates were investigated using SEM. Trypan blue viability assay was performed on Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites (DLA cell lines) to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of the HAgNpl. Humic acid synthesized silver nanoplates proved to be effective against these malignant cells. The HAgNpl showed a dose dependent activity against DLA cells. This result highlights the potential role of HAgNpl in developing safe medicines against malignant lymphoma.

Rohan R. Patel, Aishwarya A. Shah, Nalini N. Desai. "Assessing the Cytotoxic Properties of Humic Acid-Derived Silver Nanoplates Against Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites." Computer Engineering, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 9–13, 2026.

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Oxidative stress is an important molecular mechanism for kidney injury in mercury (Hg) poisoning. Usually, oxidative stress was measured by measuring the levels reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzymatic activity. In this present study, we proposed a new marker for oxidative stress in kidney toxicity induced by Hg. The new marker is the peroxidative index (PI). In this experiment, a kidney sample was taken from male rats (Rattus novergicus). Samples then homogenized and divided into five groups with; T1 served as control which contains kidney homogenate only; T2 which contains kidney homogenate+0.1 mg/l of mercury chloride (HgCl); T3 which contains kidney homogenate+1 mg/l of HgCl; T4 which contains kidney homogenate+10 mg/l of HgCl; and T5 which contains kidney homogenate+100 mg/l of HgCl. After treatment, kidney catalase (CAT) and peroxidases (Pox) activity, PI, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and PC level were estimated. The results revealed that Hg level is strong negatively correlated with both CAT and Pox activities, and strongly positively correlated with PI. Also, the results revealed that PI is strongly positively correlated with PI with the presence of Hg in different concentration of Hg in kidney cells. In conclusion, PI might be a useful marker for oxidative stress in kidney damage induced by Hg. For our knowledge, the proposed mechanism according to our results is Hg inhibited antioxidant enzymatic activity and increase ROS in the kidney. Thus, induced oxidative stress which promotes a further reaction to damage protein and resulted in kidney damage.

Dr. Giovanni Cioni. "Investigating the Role of Peroxidative Index in Mercury-Induced Kidney Toxicity." Computer Engineering, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 14–18, 2026.

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Objectives and methods. In the framework of the EU-funded project “EU-Madness”, we collected and analysed all the reports of fatalities directly or indirectly related to substances of abuse registered in Ibiza from January to September 2015, in order to analyse the characteristics of the sample, the identified substances and the nature of deaths associated with their consumption. Results. A significant increase of substance-caused deaths with respect to the previous four years has been highlighted. Most of the subjects were young males, more than half were not Spanish. Males prevailed also among the victims of traffic accidents and suicides. The most commonly involved substances included MDMA, alcohol, cocaine, THC, opiates and prescription drugs. Conclusions. Although the use of NPS is rapidly increasing in Europe, according to the results from our sample, alcohol and well-known stimulants (MDMA and cocaine) are still the substances of abuse mainly involved in the cases of substance-caused and substance-related fatalities. The significant increase of fatalities in Ibiza in the last 5 years is an issue that must be taken into account and should be better investigated, as other theories besides NPS increased diffusion should be proposed, and therefore targeted prevention strategies should be designed. Computer Engineering ISSN: 10003428 Volume 15 | Issue 2 | Year 2026 https://journalofcomputerengineering.com/ © 2026 Computer Engineering. All Rights Reserved. Page 19

Elara Vittoria Bianchi, Alessia Maria Russo, Marco Antonio Giordano, Elena. "Fatalities Associated with Substance Use in Ibiza, 2015: A Comparative Analysis." Computer Engineering, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 19–34, 2026.

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: The goal of harmonizing laboratory information is to contribute to quality in patient care, ultimately improving upon patient outcomes and safety. The main focus of harmonization and standardization initiatives has been on analytical processes within the laboratory walls, clinical chemistry tests in particular. However, two major evidences obtained in recent years show that harmonization should be promoted not only in the analytical phase but also in all steps of the testing process, encompassing the entire field of laboratory medicine, including innovative areas (e.g. “omics”) rather than just conventional clinical chemistry tests. A large body of evidence demonstrates the vulnerability of the extra- analytical phases of the testing cycle. Because only “good biological samples” can assure good analytical quality, a closer interconnection between the different phases of the cycle is needed. In order to provide reliable and accurate laboratory information, harmonization activities should cover all steps of the cycle from the “pre-preanalytical” phase (right choice of test at right time for right patient) through the analytical steps (right results with right report) to the “post- post-analytical” steps (right and timely acknowledgment of laboratory information, right interpretation and utilization with any necessary advice as to what to do next with the information provided). In addition, modern clinical laboratories are performing a broad menu of hundreds of tests, covering both traditional and innovative subspecialties of the discipline. In addition, according to a centered viewpoint, harmonization initiatives should not be addressed exclusively to clinical chemistry tests but should also include all areas of laboratory medicine.

Alessandro Bianchi and Emily J. Thompson. "Harmonization in Laboratory Medicine: A Paradigm Shift Beyond Clinical Chemistry." Computer Engineering, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 35–42, 2026.

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The aim of this retrospective and exploratory study was that the cortical sources of resting state eyes-closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms might reveal different abnormalities in cortical neural synchronization in groups of patients with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease (ADMCI) and Parkinson’s disease (PDMCI) as compared to healthy subjects. Clinical and rsEEG data of 75 ADMCI, 75 PDMCI, and 75 cognitively normal elderly (Nold) subjectswereavailableinaninternationalarchive.Age,gender,andeducationwerecarefullymatchedinthethreegroups.The Mini- Mental State Evaluation (MMSE) was matched between the ADMCI and PDMCI groups. Individual alpha frequency peak (IAF) was used to determine the delta, theta, alpha1, alpha2, and alpha3 frequency band ranges. Fixed beta1, beta2, and gamma bands were also considered. eLORETA estimated the rsEEG cortical sources. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) classified these sources across individuals. Results showed that compared to the Nold group, the posterior alpha2 and alpha3 source activities were more abnormal in the ADMCI than the PDMCI group, while the parietal delta source activities were more abnormal in the PDMCI than the ADMCI group. The parietal delta and alpha sources correlated with MMSE score and correctly classified the Nold and diseased individuals (area under the ROC=0.77–0.79). In conclusion, the PDMCI and ADMCI patients showed different features of cortical neural synchronization at delta and alpha frequencies underpinning brain arousal and vigilance in the quiet wakefulness. Future prospective cross-validation studies will have to test these rsEEG markers for clinical applications and drug discovery.

Alessandro Bianchi, Luca Marconcini, Francesca Romana Pellegrino, Giovanni. "Neural Synchronization Abnormalities in Cognitive Impairment: A Comparative EEG Study of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases." Computer Engineering, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 43–63, 2026.

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Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system, most often diagnosed in young and middle-aged subjects (two-third of which are women). Walking disturbances and fatigue are key symptoms in patients with MS, and major causes of discomfort, even in patients with mild disability since the early stages of the disease. Controversy exists about the association between fatigue and physical disability, between elevated fatigue, impaired balance and a higher risk of falls, between perceived fatigue and gait performance. We enrolled 16 patients with relapsing-remitting MS at early stage and low or mild disability, 11 females and 5 males, aged 27.1 (range 23-34 years), randomly divided into two groups: patients in group A underwent a robotic gait rehabilitation treatment which involved the use of SPAD® (Sistema Posturale Antigravitario Dinamico, Dynamic Antigravity Postural System), patients in group B underwent a cycle of sensory- motor physical activity in our laboratory of performance enhancement; patients in both groups were subjected to neuromuscular manual therapy. All treatment were provided with 3 sessions per week for 6 weeks (for a total of 18 sessions). Patients were evaluated by administration of the Functional Independence Measure (FIMTM), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), and gait analysis with MTX7® (Diagnostic Support, Rome, Italy). Results show statistically significant improvement of the FIMTM average score in all patients, reduction of the EDSS average score in all patients (but in a statistically significant manner only in group A), reduction in average scores obtained in both evaluation questionnaires of fatigue (non-significant improvement of the FSS average score in the overall sample and in both groups, statistically significant reduction of the MFIS average scores), improvement in temporal (but not spatial) gait parameters. So body weight supported gait training is feasible and could be safely used as additional therapeutic option in MS patients with mild walking disability.

Alessia Bianchi, Lorenzo Marini, Francesca De Santis, Gabriele Pellegrini, Massimo De Luca,. "Comparative Analysis of Robotic Gait Training and Sensory-Motor Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis Patients." Computer Engineering, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 64–71, 2026.

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Anxiety is a significant social problem that could deteriorate the quality of life of individuals. It disturbs the normal circadian rhythms, leading to an increase of cardio-vascular diseases and distortions in the functions of the immune system. Antistress I and Antistress II are herbal combinations containing in different proportions dry extracts obtained from Serratula coronata, Hypericum perforatum, Valeriana officinalis, Crataegus monogyna and Melissa officinalis. The present study evaluates the acute toxicity and the anxiolytic effect of these combinations and the individual extracts which they contain after their oral administration to male Wistar rats. Doses of 5g/kg b.w. and 10g/kg b.w. are used for the evaluation of acute toxicity. Assessment of the anxiolytic effect is carried out at three doses – 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. by using the test – Elevated plus maze. The results about the acute toxicity show a survival rate of 100% for all extracts at a dose up to10g/kg b.w. The evaluation of the anxiolytic effect on an acute stress model in rats demonstrates that both combinations Antistress I and Antistress II possess anxiolytic properties which are significant only at the highest dose. The results also give us the reason to conclude that the effect of Antistress II on anxiety is better compared to Antistress I.

Georgi Nikolov, Anastasios Georgiev, Ivan Angelov, Radoslava Dimitrova, Kalin Kostov,. "Investigating the Anxiolytic Potential of Novel Plant Extract Combinations in Rats: A Comparative Toxicological Analysis." Computer Engineering, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 72–84, 2026.

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The known difficulty in obtaining the actual full length, complete sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) may lead to the erroneous determination of its coding sequence at the 5' region (5' end mRNA artifact), and consequently to the wrong assignment of the translation start codon, leading to the inaccurate prediction of the encoded polypeptide at its amino terminus. Among the known human genes whose study was affected by this artifact, we can include disco interacting protein 2 homolog A (DIP2A; KIAA0184), Down syndrome critical region 1 (DSCR1), SON DNA binding protein (SON), trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) and URB1 ribosome biogenesis 1 homolog (URB1; KIAA0539) on chromosome 21, as well as receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1, also known as GNB2L1), glutaminyl‑tRNA synthetase (QARS) and tyrosyl‑DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) along with another 474 loci, including interleukin 16 (IL16). In this review, we discuss the causes of this issue, its quantitative incidence in biomedical research, the consequences in biology and medicine, and the possible solutions for obtaining the actual amino acid sequence of proteins in the post‑genomics era.

Alessia Bianchi, Elena Fabbri, Francesca. "Challenges in Elucidating 5' mRNA Sequences: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions for Accurate Protein Sequencing (Review)." Computer Engineering, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 85–93, 2026.

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